Age at menarche and chemical exposure

Lawrence M. Schell and Casey N. West

Context: Humans are now exposed to a multitude of chemicals throughout the life course, some of which may affect growth and development owing to their endocrine-like activity.

Objective: To assess the relationship of suspect toxicants to maturation, specifically to age at menarche.

Methods: We conducted two systematic reviews of age at menarche and PFOA, PFOS, PCBs and DDE/DDT based on publications indexed by pubmed.

Results: 16 unique reports were identified. Most studies of PFOA and PFOS reported either no ARTICLE HISTORY Received 15 December 2022 Revised 17 April 2023 Accepted 11 May 2023 KEYWORDS Maturation; pollution; EDCs; menarche; toxicants association or delays in the age at menarche; only one reported an earlier age. Studies of DDT and DDE were more mixed. Reports on PCBs varied by PCB congener group with an equal number of them reporting delays and no association but one an acceleration. Sources of variation in results include the timing of exposure assessment (prenatal vs. postnatal), level of the toxicant, and sample size. No obvious pattern to the variation in results could be tied to those sources of variation.

Conclusion: The absence of consistent evidence from multiple reports of earlier age at menarche suggests that these toxicants may not be responsible for accelerated sexual maturation in girls. However, human populations naturally vary in the variety and levels of exposure, making the comparison of studies difficult.